The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) marked the end of the Thirty Years’ War and established the principles of modern state sovereignty and religious tolerance.
The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) Explained
The Thirty Years’ War was a devastating conflict in Europe that lasted from 1618 to 1648, involving many European powers and resulting in widespread destruction and loss of life.
Cologne War Explained
The Cologne War was a conflict in the 16th century between Protestant and Catholic forces over control of the city of Cologne in Germany.
The Netherlands War of Independence (second part) Explained
The Netherlands’ War of Independence (second part) was a conflict in the 17th century that resulted in the establishment of the Dutch Republic and the decline of Spanish power.